KARO Karooooo Ltd.

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Karooooo Ltd. Q2 F2027 Earnings Call Transcript

AI Conference Call Analysis

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Paul Bieber
VP of Investor Relations and Strategic Finance
Hello and welcome to Carew's Q2 FY2027 Financial Results presentation. On behalf of Carew, we would like to thank you for joining us today. I'm Paul Bieber, VP of Investor Relations and Strategic Finance. We are joined today by Zach Calisto, Founder and Group CEO, Hoe Shin Goy, Chief Financial Officer, and Carmen Calisto, Chief Strategy and Marketing Officer. I would like to remind everyone that some of the statements that we make today regarding our business, operations, and financial performance may be considered forward-looking. Such statements are based on current expectations and assumptions. They are subject to several risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially. Please refer to the Safe Harvest Statement in our Form 20-F, including the risk factors in the 6-K that we filed yesterday. Thanks, Paul.
Carmen Calisto
Chief Strategy and Marketing Officer
Q2 was another quarter of acceleration. Kartrax subscription revenue accelerated to 20% from 19% in the prior quarter despite FX headwinds. Importantly, Kartrax constant currency subscription revenue growth increased 23% in Q2 compared to 21% in Q1 with constant currency growth acceleration across all regions. Notably, South Africa's subscription revenue growth accelerated to 25% compared to 24% in Q1, and Asia constant currency subscription revenue growth also accelerated to 25% compared to 17% in Q1. The acceleration demonstrates that our investments and sales capacity continue to drive tangible results as we balance new customer acquisition with building our cross-sell capabilities. ARR increased 22% in constant currency, Reported ARR growth was 19% reflecting a strengthening czar and 30% in US dollars. In Q2, subscriber growth increased 18% as net subscriber additions increased 34%, a record for the second quarter as we continue to realize the benefits of our recent investments in sales capacity and capitalize on sales momentum with video solutions and car track tag. Our strong execution once again translated into record quarterly Karoo operating profit of 422 million ZAR despite foreign exchange headwinds, reflecting our ability to accelerate revenue growth while maintaining healthy profitability. Earnings per share also increased 18% in Q2. As we look forward to the rest of the fiscal year, we reiterate our FY2027 outlook. Before diving into the details, here is a quick introduction to Kuru. We provide an operational intelligence platform for connected vehicles and mobile assets, helping businesses simplify decision-making and optimize their physical operations. We serve an expanding, largely underpenetrated physical AI market, driven by digital transformation and the need for greater efficiency, safety, and compliance. We are a founder-led business with a two-decade track record of disciplined execution and capital allocation. Our platform supports approximately 2.9 million subscribers across more than 125,000 businesses in diverse industries. Our financial model is anchored by accelerating high-margin subscription revenue, which was 98% of car track revenue in Q2. Commercial customer ARR retention remained at 95%, and Lifetime Value to CAC remains above 9 times. We also now process more than 345 billion valuable data points monthly, a proprietary data asset that continues to scale and enables us to deliver value to our customers. During today's presentation, we will review both of Karoo's operating segments, Kartrak and Karoo Logistics. Kartrak is our operational intelligence platform. Kartrak operates at scale and has a very attractive financial profile. CarTrack's operating momentum is the primary driver of Carew's growth and strong financial performance. CarTrack delivered exceptional Q2 results with acceleration across regions that reflect the returns from the strategic investments we have made in expanding our sales capacity and selling video and CarTrack tag to existing and new customers. In Q2, CarTrack delivered approximately 1.42 billion ZAR in subscription revenue, an increase of 20%, or 31% on a US dollar basis. The 20% growth reflects an acceleration compared to 19% in Q1, despite a strengthening czar that negatively impacted reported CardTrack subscription revenue in Q2. CardTrack constant currency subscription revenue growth accelerated to 23% in Q2 compared to 21% in the prior quarter. CardTrack's operating profit margin was a healthy 28% in Q2. Carew Logistics is our rapidly growing delivery as a service offering, which helps large enterprise customers scale their Q-commerce or quick commerce operations. We report it separately because its financial profile differs from contract subscription model. It is strategically important for us because it enables customers to grow with a capital-like model and deepens their relationship with us, supporting higher retention. In Q2, Karoo Logistics' delivery as a service revenue was 189 million ZAR, an increase of 36% or 49% on a US dollar basis. Karoo Logistics' operating margin was 6% and reflects investments to ensure drive availability and expansion into our network. In Q2, Karoo delivered strong consolidated financial results. Total revenue increased 22% to 1,640 million ZAR, Subscription revenue increased 20% to 1,418 million ZAR. Operating profit increased 19% to a record 422 million ZAR and subscriber growth increased 18% to approximately 2.9 million subscribers. CarTrack's 20% subscription revenue growth and 28% operating profit margin were the primary drivers of Carew's strong financial performance in Q2. Q2 continued our track record of profitable growth at scale. In Q2, CarTrack's 20% subscription revenue growth and 46% adjusted avatar margin made us a Rule of 60 company with no stock-based compensation add-back. It is important to underscore just how differentiated our financial model has become. We believe we are among a select few companies operating at a Rule of 50+, based on calendar year 2027 Gap Street estimates. Within a universe of approximately 170 companies, Karoo is the only small to mid-cap company operating at this combined level of growth and profitability. With an essentially unchanged share count and low stock-based compensation, growth in free cash flow translates directly into higher per share value. Our rare financial profile reflects our unwavering commitment to profitable growth. Now, let's discuss our Q2 financial and operational highlights. In Q2, ARR increased 19% despite foreign exchange headwinds, and constant currency ARR increased 22%. ARR in US dollars increased 30%, reaching $354 million. CardShark's subscription revenue growth accelerated to 20% despite FX headwinds. Constant currency growth accelerated across regions, highlighted by South Africa's subscription revenue growth accelerating to 25%, and Asia Constant Currency subscription revenue growth also accelerating to 25%. CardTrack subscription revenue growth increased 31% in US dollars and 23% in Constant Currency. CardTrack total subscribers increased 18%, reaching approximately 2.9 million. CardTrack net subscriber additions increased 34% to 94,516, a record for the second quarter. Despite FX headwinds, Karoo delivered record quarterly operating profits of 422 million ZAR, growth-oriented investments moderated in Q2 as consolidated sales and marketing expenses increased 16% compared to 33% in Q1. We were a Rule of 60 company in Q2 with subscription revenue growth of 20% and an adjusted EBITDA margin of 46%. Our balance sheet remained strong and unleveraged, and reflects the $1.50 per share dividend payment in July and the investments in inventory classified as PPE, including memory, to support our current accelerated subscription revenue growth. Our healthy subscription gross margin, efficient customer acquisition and attractive commercial customer ARR retention rate continue to drive our healthy unit economics. In Q2, our subscription gross margin was 71%, Our LTV to CAC ratio remained above 9 times and our commercial customer ARR retention rate was 95%. Our unit economics remain healthy and we remain committed to profitable growth as we pursue the expansive physical AI growth opportunity ahead. Q2 subscriber growth increased 18% and reached approximately 2.2 million subscribers in South Africa. South Africa net subscriber additions increased 20%, Subtitles by the Amara.org community The pace of growth reflects our deliberate strategy to cement our leadership position in South Africa through a balanced combination of subscriber additions and selling video and contract tag to our existing and new customers in South Africa. Despite some macroeconomic stress in the South African economy, we continue to see a compelling market opportunity in South Africa and are excited about the potential ahead. Q2 subscriber growth increased 21% and reached 367,000 subscribers in Southeast Asia and the Middle East, with most of the subscribers in Southeast Asia. Q2 subscription revenue growth accelerated to 12% compared to 6% in Q1 and increased 25% on a constant currency basis. The pace of reported subscription revenue growth in the region reflects foreign exchange headwinds. As the second largest contributor to group revenue, Southeast Asia continues to present the most compelling growth opportunity for the group in the medium to long term. We plan to continue with a strong yet prudent drive to increase sales and marketing in Southeast Asia, and we anticipate our investments to have a positive impact on subscriber growth in the region. Southeast Asia is a vast, underpenetrated market for sophisticated fleet management and video-based solutions. Q2 subscriber growth increased 13% and reached 245,000 in Europe. Q2 subscription revenue growth was 4% and 14% on a constant currency basis. The pace of reported subscription revenue growth in the region reflects foreign exchange headwinds. We continue to expand our customer base and drive our distribution capabilities in the region. In Q2, Karoo Logistics continued to build scale and delivered revenue of 189 million ZAR, an increase of 36% and a 6% operating profit margin. Q-commerce, or quick commerce, orders, a type of e-commerce focused on ultra-fast delivery, drove the exceptional performance. Q2 operating profit margin reflects costs associated with ensuring driver availability and network expansion. Karu Logistics supports our strong financial performance by immersing our platform into large customers' operations, contributing to strong customer retention. Karu Logistics also enables us to learn about the operational and logistics challenges confronting our customers. In Q2, we continue to make progress with our FY2027 priorities. First, we made progress cementing our leadership position in South Africa, our largest market, as evidenced by our 25% subscription revenue growth in the region. Our accelerating growth reflects the planned subscriber growth and the adoption of contract tag and video solutions. Second, we moderated our investments in sales and marketing in Q2 as evidenced by the 16% increase in sales and marketing expenses in Q2 compared to 33% in Q1, and 37% in FY2026. Despite this moderation and foreign exchange headwinds, subscription revenue growth accelerated once again in Q2. We remain committed to optimizing our recent investments and sales capacity and growing our distribution footprint at a more moderate pace in FY2027. Third, we are embracing AI across the organization to enhance our platform, improve efficiency and accelerate the pace of execution. Before handing the call over to Hoe Shin to discuss our financial results in more detail, we'd like to highlight the ROI our platform delivers to customers. Our success is built on delivering tangible value and ROI to customers. For one customer in Singapore's construction sector, deploying our operational intelligence platform delivered a 25% improvement in on-time delivery, a 23% increase in fuel efficiency, and 100% driver accountability. The customer combined real-time fleet visibility and fuel intelligence with geofencing alerts to coordinate efficient loading, drive identification, and targeted coaching. It then added CarTrack AI Vision for intelligent driver monitoring. Alongside these operational improvements, the customer reduced speeding by 43%, hard driving events by 31%, phone usage by 65%, and driver fatigue by 33%. Our operational intelligence platform goes beyond vehicle tracking. It helps customers reduce costs, operate more efficiently, improve safety, and better serve customers. With that said, I will now pass the call over to Hoe Shin.
Hoe Shin Goy
Chief Financial Officer
Thank you, Carmen. I will now discuss Carew's financial performance for Q2 FY2027. Please note, my comments may refer to year-over-year comparisons unless restated otherwise. Quarter 2 extended car tax track record of durable and profitable growth at scale, driven by consistent executions, our resilient subscription revenue model and attractive historic retention rates. In Quarter 2, subscriber increased 18% to approximately 2.9 million. Subscription revenue increased 20% to 1,450 million rand and operating profit was a quarterly record at 411 million rand. CarTrack experienced strong customer acquisitions in Q2 with net subscriber additions of 94,516 subscribers and increase of 34%. This represents record net subscriber additions for the second quarter. We delivered record net subscriber additions while successfully cross-selling CarTrack tech and video to new and existing customer. We note that when we cross-sell CarTrack tech or video to an existing customer, it does not contribute to an incremental subscriber in our subscriber count. Subscription revenue momentums remain the engine behind CarTrack's strong financial performance. In Q2, CarTrack's subscription revenue growth accelerated to 20% despite foreign currency headwinds and reached RM1,415 million. CarTrack's subscription revenue growth was 31% in US dollars and 23% in constant currency. Subscription revenue comprised 98% of CarTrack's total revenue. ARR increased 19% despite foreign currency headwinds and reached RM5,708 million. ARR increased 30% in US dollar and 22% in constant currency. Our proven and profitable subscription revenue model continued to deliver strong consolidated growth. In Q2, Karoo's total subscription revenue increased 20% to RM1,418 million. Operating profit increased 19% to a quarterly record of RM422 million as we moderate our investment in sales and marketing. Earnings per share increased 18%. and adjusted earning per share increased 12% to R9.28. Earnings growth moderated due to higher tax rate and finance expense. Prior adjusted earning per shares excluded the effect of secondary offering costs and there were no such costs in current year. Quarter 2 subscriber growth increased 18% to approximately 2.9 million subscriber. South Africa subscriber growth increased 18% and Asia subscriber growth remain robust at 21%. Asia is our fastest growing region in terms of subscriber growth. Q2 subscriber growth of 18% represent an acceleration compared to FY2026 growth of 16%. In Q2, CarCheck's constant currency subscription revenue growth accelerated across all regions. South Africa subscription revenue growth accelerated to 25%, compared to 24% in Q1. Asia and Middle East subscription revenue growth accelerated to 12% and 35% on a constant currency basis compared to 6% and 17% on a constant currency basis in Q1. Subscription revenue growth accelerated despite an increase in subscriber from lower APU countries. Europe subscription revenue growth was 4% and 14% on a constant currency basis compared to 7% and 13% on a constant currency basis in Q1. Accelerating growth across regions reflects our strong executions and provide a solid foundation for continued durable growth. In Q2, ARR increased 19%, reaching RM5,708 million. ARR growth was 30% in USD and 22% in constant currencies. This reflects the underlying momentum in the business and signals that our strategic initiatives are gaining traction. Heru's EPS increased 18% to R9.28, and adjusted EPS increased 12% compared to Q2 FY2026. CarTrack's EPS contribution increased 13% to R9.08, and Karu Logistics Earning Per Share Contributions was 20 cents rand. Water tool free cash flow was 41 million rand and primarily reflects an increase in trade and other receivables due to increased subscription revenue and investment in in-vehicle IoT devices to support growth. Given our accelerated growth, we increased our investment in in-vehicle IoT devices for both current and future use, including memory, To create a buffer against rising RAM and memory prices, our first half free cash flow reflects a R966 million investment in these IoT devices. Given our investment today, we expect more robust free cash flow generation in the second half of the year. As we pursue accelerated growth, we expect free cash flow to reflect our investment to drive growth. While quarterly fluctuations may occur due to working capital dynamics and growth-oriented investment, we remain confident in our ability to consistently generate meaningful cash flow to support growth and dividends. We have two decades track record of financial discipline and strong free cash flow generation that powers our disciplined capital allocation strategy and healthy return on invested capital and position as well for future growth. During the quarter, we increased our bank shop term working capital facilities as we made upfront investment in both in-vehicle IoT devices and IoT devices for future use to maintain our current momentum. The significant and ongoing increase in memory chips also contributed to the increased level of IoT devices for future use. This investment increased 86% to R966 million during the first half of the year. As a result, bank overdrafts are now considered part of our financing arrangements rather than cash management and will be classified within financing activities in the Statement of Cash Flows. Our balance sheet reflects our track record of durable growth as well, profitability and cash generations. Our cash and cash equivalent balances as at the end of Q2 was RM649 million. The decrease was mainly due to dividends of RM752 million paid in July 2026. As we hold our cash reserve in USD, the strengthening of the South African rand also reduced the rand value of our cash balances. Debtors' collection days remained healthy at 33 days and are within our historical norm. Year-to-date, we have delivered record net subscriber addition and healthy retention, driving 22% CarTrack constant currency subscription revenue growth. We believe we are on track to accelerate CarTrack subscription revenue growth in FY2027 as we realize the benefit of our recent investment in sale capacity. We aim to drive our growth by balancing subscriber growth with the increased adoptions of video and car track tech. We also believe increased sales efficiencies coupled with realizing other efficiencies in the business due to scale and leveraging AI will support strong earnings per share expansion. With that said, we reiterate our FY2027 outlook that implies accelerating concerned currency subscription revenue growth at the midpoint and healthy earnings per share growth. We expect to benefit in the second half from continued revenue momentum, continued sales and marketing efficiencies, and a moderately lower tax rate. In closing, we delivered strong Q2 results with constant currency growth accelerating across regions and notable strength in South Africa and Asia. We also delivered record quarterly operating profits despite foreign currency headwinds. Q2 free cash flow reflects investment in growth, including memory and we expect cash flow to strengthen over the coming quarters as we continue to deliver value to our shareholders. These results reflect the strength of our operating model and the returns on our sales capacity investment. As we look ahead to the rest of FY2027, We are well-positioned to accelerate growth and deliver meaningful earnings per share expansions while remaining committed to displaying capital allocation and long-term value creation. With that, I will turn the presentation over to Zach Calisto for Q&A.
Zach Calisto
Founder and Group CEO
Thank you, Hsuan. Good afternoon or good morning to everybody. I will go through the questions that have been posted. I'll start off with Dylan Becker from William Blair. Subscription revenue growth has picked up again and Q2 net ads were a record. What is driving this and how lasting do you think it is heading into the second half and FY20 ads? Dylan, I think what's driving it is really our investment into product and into our distribution. and we're obviously executing and improving on that distribution and we believe a similar momentum should continue for the remainder of FY27 and depending how things are by FY27, in FY27 by Q4, we'll then have a better visibility how we want to execute during FY28. Another question from Dylan. Contracts operating margin dipped slightly this quarter. How are you weighing reinvestment for growth against margin expansion? And what does it mean for profitability this year? In terms of constant currency, I certainly believe with the outlook we've given for the year, we will meet it. In terms of operating profit margin, we model our pricing on a unit economics model. And even if I over S, the operating profit margin dips, it's not necessarily a true reflection of the underlying business, given that so much of our Our customer acquisition costs are expensed up front and the revenue is over the next couple of years so that's not aligned. So all of these operating profit margins, we nearly need to Average it out over a period of five or six years to get our real operating profit margin. And obviously, to get the real operating profit margin, you've got to assume that we're not growing. And then our operating profit margin goes all the way up to around 40%. So we're more focused on our unit economics than actually the IFRS reporting. Another question from Dylan. How is the competition in connectors vehicles and fleet management changing as AI capabilities improve? I think the AI capabilities are improving at a very rapid rate. We've started a strong adoption of our AI in terms of running our internal processes, the way we develop products and also building AI into our platform. So we are investing in these three pillars of AI. and I think all our competitors are doing the same. So I think like any business, it progresses and it adapts to the new reality and I feel very comfortable that we are able to compete going forward. A question now from Alex from Raymond James. You spoke to a continued increase in operating capacity in Southeast Asia. How much sales hiring is expected over the next year? What are you seeing in the region in terms of broader demand and ramping productivity in your sales force that you've hired over the last 12 months? Alex, it's always a very tough thing to keep your sales force productive and many people undermine the importance of sales people. and it's a long journey to get some people to where they're supposed to be and we certainly are improving in Asia and across all our other regions. And as we believe in the model that if you've got 80% of your staff doing the minimum or an acceptable amount of sales, then you can start, continue to hire. And we very much believe in that 80-20% ratio. So given that, depending on how quickly we can get people and get them to where they're supposed to be, that will determine the speed of our hiring process. So we are getting quite a lot of higher productivity from our sales force, but we will continue with the same business model, which is to obviously increase our distribution. Another question from Alex. Can you walk through the drivers of the sequential change in contract gross margin? How much was spent on higher hardware and other revenue and how would you think about the impact of bidger and banks to gross margins? So, Alex, the way we do our pricing is based on our unit economics model and depending on hardware, the cost of hardware is a direct relation to what we're going to charge in terms of subscription revenue. So our margins are very consistent irrespective of what product and for instance if memory prices go up like they are going up then our prices increase to make sure that our unit economics are unchanged. Gross profit margin for us really has two factors that can change it. Typically, the one factor would be how much hardware that we sell to customers where it doesn't form part of subscription revenue. So the higher that is, we've got absolutely no margin when you sell just product because that's not our business. Our business is actually to sell the service. So if you sell hardware, your revenue and your cost of sales will be about the same. So that gives you a zero gross profit. So the higher that is, that will impact you. The other very important thing is if you slow down sales, then you'll have less of your customer base still in the depreciation part of, you know, let's say we depreciate over five years. So it's only customers in the last five years that form part of that cost of sales and depreciating of PPE. As you scale that up like we currently are, that puts pressure on your subscription You've increased the percentage amount of your base that's still depreciating PPE. So that puts pressure on your gross profit margin. But if you even it out over time and if you could do the IRS a bit different, our gross profit margin would be very constant over time. The next question comes from Scott from Roth. Can you provide a quick update on the adoption of video-based services and how this is changing by the region? Scott, throughout all the regions we operate, we are seeing an uptick in the adoption and we're feeling very comfortable that in the very early days of this adoption, we also simultaneously are also bringing to the market more and more product in video as we realise the universe and the and how many different solutions and different customers needs there are. So we are continuously developing and bringing product to the market and we continue to also develop our sales skills to be able to get that product adoption and I think we are making good progress. The next question is also from Scott. Are the tags trending in the South African market? What is the growth outlook for the next two years? I certainly believe we are making huge momentum with the tags. There's very strong customer demand for it. During Q1, we actually ran out of inventory because of the demand, and we focused more on customer acquisition than cross-selling. In Q2, it was more of a cross-selling environment, and we believe that uptake for both bidger and tag is strong. Another question from Scott. What is the impact of fuel costs? Is the driving a more rapid adoption given the cost benefits or translating a pause in decision making? I don't believe it's translating to a pause in decision making and our platform allows our customers to deal with a lot of challenges. Fuel being one of them and one would be in terms of common sense think that it's a tailwind but I think It's our efforts in increasing our distribution that's driving the adoption and I can't attribute our growth to the fuel prices. Another question from Scott. OpEx was well controlled in the quarter. Is this expected to continue and drive further op leverage into the second half of FY27 and FY28? Scott, I don't want to commit to this because we've got to be quite agile in our thinking and we've given outlook to the market. We believe we're going to meet the outlook and we're going to keep ourselves quite agile over the long term. Obviously, that upwards needs to increase and You know, a lot of it is actually got to do with sales and marketing. So as we optimize sales and marketing, that's the biggest increase that we're possibly going to have. Then I have another question. One moment, please. We have one more question from, sorry, I've got to drop my glasses, sorry. from Ably. Expected credit losses increase significantly this quarter. Is this mainly due by subscriber growth or are you seeing changes in customer payment behaviour? I think if you compare it to Q2 of last year, then I agree with you. But if you compare it historically, it's very much our norm. What happened to Q2 last year We had gone through a progress where we received a lot of large payments. So it was a bit skewed last year. And then when we ran our calculations on the debt, the provisions for debt, because a lot of the bad debt had paid, you know, it skews the comparison. So you've got to actually look at it into what has been our normal rate over the years. So it's in keeping. Are you seeing changes in the customer payment behavior? Because we've onboarded a lot of new customers, So you can normally find the first month or two, it's the difficult part in getting money from your customers because you need to find out how they pay, who's the contact person, who's the right person. So we are having a little bit of that lag, but our collections still remain extremely healthy. At 33 days, and I think it's got to do a little bit with our accelerated growth that you see the collections declining a little bit. Given the different margin profiles of logistics and contract, aren't you balanced scaling logistics with maintaining the group's long-term profitability? Abli, we look at these two businesses separately and it's actually all sitting on a contract platform but we report on it separately and the reason we report on it separately is it's very difficult to actually evaluate each part of the business given its very different financial profiles so we keep an eye on in two different segments So we understand that they've got very different operating profit margins, but we manage it as if it's two different businesses, but actually it's one business. The next question, I'm going to go over to Joshua Riley from Needham. It seems that your strong sustained subscriber growth account, macro sustained high, oil prices are in the round of war. is not seriously impacting your business. How is your differentiation to the market service strategy aiding growth and market share gains? I think, Joshua, we're not an island, and I do believe that oil prices are impacting our customers, and it could be, in a way, a negative thing for us or a positive, but we've, over time, been able to deal with very, very macroeconomic environments, and quite frankly, at this point in time, I don't believe it has an impact on us. It could have an impact in the future, but I don't see it. And I don't believe our market share is unrelated to the petrol price. I think our market share, the gain of market share, it really is about our ability to execute. Another question from Joshua says, As interest rates remain elevated, you have a strong capital position in balance sheets. Are you seeing any of your competitors pull back on their resources in the fields or investments for growth given the current macro challenges? Joshua, we are so focused on our own business and the own improvements that we need to do. To be quite frank with you, I haven't really looked at the competitive environment and what exactly are they doing. So I cannot answer that. The next question, how is the TAG and the future tax rate trending relative to the internal plan and updated tools on countries for expansion and TAG? What I can say is that We are exceeding our budget for the financial year. Another question from Joshua. In the current MACRA, are you seeing trends around customers hesitant to add vehicles to their fleet? What specific trends are you seeing with customers as they manage around MACRA headwinds? Joshua, I think it's a bit early days. I mean, you know, the petrol prices, they spike up and down. There's a bit of uncertainty. But I think fundamentally in the markets we operate in, everybody is more or less business as usual. Then I've got two questions from Mars Fee. With our contract operating on an exceptional 98% subscription and utility base, How is the rise of factory-embedded OEM telematics changing your long-term capital model? What we realize is that OEM telematics, they typically don't give our customers what they actually require. They very much focus on safety and reliability. maintenance of the vehicle. So even we are getting a lot of OEM business, at the end of the day we're having to put in our own hardware solutions to be able to really address the customers challenges. Okay, then another question. Secondly, as you scale Karoo Logistics, what operational guardrails are you in place to ensure is acid heavy, low margin segment, does not dilute your premium. Peru Logistics is not acid heavy. and yes, it is a lower margin business, substantially lower margin business, but like I said earlier, we are reporting these two segments separately and we are looking at the business and the margins and we don't, you know, the consolidated is not what we look at. We look at each segment separately. And with that, that's all the questions for today. I thank everybody